# Statements and Expressions - [Introduction](introduction.md) - [Starting, Interrupting and Terminating](startup-interrupt-quit.md) - [`-C`](startup-interrupt-quit.md#literal-literal-control-c-key-ctrl-c) - [`quit;`](startup-interrupt-quit.md#literal-literal-quit-quit) - [`-D`](startup-interrupt-quit.md#literal-literal-control-d-key-ctrl-d) - [`-\`](startup-interrupt-quit.md#literal-literal-control-key-ctrl) - [Identifiers](identifier.md) - [Assignment](assignment.md) - [Simple Assignment](assignment.md#simple-assignment) - [`x := expression;`](assignment.md#literal-literal-x-expression) - [`Example: Identifiers`](assignment.md#example-ex-b15b93) - [`x₁, x₂, ..., xₙ := expression;`](assignment.md#literal-literal-x1-x2-xn-expression) - [`_ := expression;`](assignment.md#literal-literal-expression) - [`assigned x: Var → BoolElt`](assignment.md#operation-operation-assigned-var-boolelt) - [`Example: Multiple Returns`](assignment.md#example-ex-24e461) - [Indexed Assignment](assignment.md#indexed-assignment) - [`x[expr₁][expr₂]...[exprₙ] := expression;`](assignment.md#literal-literal-x-expr1-expr2-exprn-expression) - [`x[expr₁,expr₂,...,exprₙ] := expression;`](assignment.md#literal-literal-x-expr1-expr2-exprn-expression-2) - [`Example: Indexing`](assignment.md#example-ex-36ee87) - [Generator Assignment](assignment.md#generator-assignment) - [`E := expression;`](assignment.md#literal-literal-e-x1-x2-xn-expression) - [`E<[x]> := expression;`](assignment.md#literal-literal-e-x-expression) - [`Example: Generator Naming Sequence`](assignment.md#example-ex-b26be4) - [`AssignNames(~S, [s₁, ... sₙ] ): Str, [ MonStgElt ]`](assignment.md#function-assignnames-str-monstgelt-ref) - [`Example: Generator Naming`](assignment.md#example-ex-92cebe) - [Mutation Assignment](assignment.md#mutation-assignment) - [`x o:= expression;`](assignment.md#literal-literal-operator-x-o-expression) - [`Example: Mutation Assignment`](assignment.md#example-ex-f76a1d) - [Deletion of Values](assignment.md#deletion-of-values) - [`delete x: Var`](assignment.md#operation-operation-delete-var) - [Boolean Values](boolean.md) - [Creation of Booleans](boolean.md#creation-of-booleans) - [`Booleans() → Bool`](boolean.md#function-booleans) - [`# B: Bool → RngIntElt`](boolean.md#operation-operation-bool-rngintelt) - [`true`](boolean.md#literal-literal-true-true) - [`false`](boolean.md#literal-literal-false-false) - [`Random(B): Bool → BoolElt`](boolean.md#function-random-bool) - [Boolean Operators](boolean.md#boolean-operators) - [`x and y: BoolElt, BoolElt → BoolElt`](boolean.md#operation-operation-and-boolelt-boolelt-boolelt) - [`x or y: BoolElt, BoolElt → BoolElt`](boolean.md#operation-operation-or-boolelt-boolelt-boolelt) - [`x xor y: BoolElt, BoolElt → BoolElt`](boolean.md#operation-operation-xor-boolelt-boolelt-boolelt) - [`not x: BoolElt → BoolElt`](boolean.md#operation-operation-not-boolelt-boolelt) - [Equality Operators](boolean.md#equality-operators) - [`x eq y: Any, Any → BoolElt`](boolean.md#operation-op-eq-any-any) - [`x ne y: Any, Any → BoolElt`](boolean.md#operation-op-ne-any-any) - [`x cmpeq y: Any, Any → BoolElt`](boolean.md#operation-operation-cmpeq-any-any-boolelt) - [`x cmpne y: Any, Any → BoolElt`](boolean.md#operation-operation-cmpne-any-any-boolelt) - [`Example: Equality`](boolean.md#example-ex-838d04) - [Iteration](boolean.md#iteration) - [`Example: Booleans`](boolean.md#example-ex-e85cda) - [Coercion](coercion.md) - [`S ! x: Str, Elt → Elt`](coercion.md#operation-op-str-elt) - [`IsCoercible(S, x): Str, Elt → Bool, Elt`](coercion.md#function-iscoercible-str-elt) - [The where $\ldots$ is Construction](where-is.md) - [`expression₁ where identifier is expression₂`](where-is.md#literal-literal-where-is-expression1-where-identifier-is-expression2) - [`expression₁ where identifier := expression₂`](where-is.md#literal-literal-where-expression1-where-identifier-expression2) - [`Example: where`](where-is.md#example-ex-f8d9ed) - [Conditional Statements and Expressions](conditional.md) - [The Simple Conditional Statement](conditional.md#the-simple-conditional-statement) - [`if`](conditional.md#literal-literal-if-if-boolean-expression-then-br-indent-statements1-br-else-br-indent-statements2-br-end-if) - [`if`](conditional.md#literal-literal-if-if-boolean-expression-then-br-indent-statements-br-end-if) - [`elif`](conditional.md#literal-literal-elif-if-boolean-expression1-then-br-indent-statements1-br-elif-boolean-expression2-then-br-indent-statements2-br-else-br-indent-statements3-br-end-if) - [`Example: if`](conditional.md#example-ex-6d1681) - [The Simple Conditional Expression](conditional.md#the-simple-conditional-expression) - [`Boolean expression select expr₁ else expr₂`](conditional.md#literal-literal-select-boolean-expression-select-expr1-else-expr2) - [`Example: In Line Conditional`](conditional.md#example-ex-bbc380) - [The Case Statement](conditional.md#the-case-statement) - [`case expr : when exprᵢ : statements end case`](conditional.md#literal-literal-case-case-expr-when-expri-statements-end-case) - [`Example: case`](conditional.md#example-ex-62b01f) - [The Case Expression](conditional.md#the-case-expression) - [`case< expr | expr_left,1 : expr_right,1, ..., expr_left,n : expr_right,n, default : expr_def>`](conditional.md#literal-literal-case-case-expr-expr-left-1-expr-right-1-expr-left-n-expr-right-n-default-expr-def) - [Error Handling Statements](error-handling.md) - [The Error Objects](error-handling.md#the-error-objects) - [`Error(x): Any → Err`](error-handling.md#function-error-any) - [`e`Position: Err → MonStgElt`](error-handling.md#attribute-attribute-e-position-err-monstgelt) - [`e`Traceback: Err → MonStgElt`](error-handling.md#attribute-attribute-e-traceback-err-monstgelt) - [`e`Object: Err → Any`](error-handling.md#attribute-attribute-e-object-err-any) - [`e`Type: Err → MonStgElt`](error-handling.md#attribute-attribute-e-type-err-monstgelt) - [Error Checking and Assertions](error-handling.md#error-checking-and-assertions) - [`error expression, ..., expression;`](error-handling.md#literal-literal-error-error-expression-expression) - [`error if Boolean expression, expression, ..., expression;`](error-handling.md#literal-literal-error-if-error-if-boolean-expression-expression-expression) - [`assert Boolean expression;`](error-handling.md#literal-literal-assert-assert-boolean-expression) - [`assert2 Boolean expression;`](error-handling.md#literal-literal-assert2-assert2-boolean-expression) - [`assert3 Boolean expression;`](error-handling.md#literal-literal-assert3-assert3-boolean-expression) - [Catching Errors](error-handling.md#catching-errors) - [`try statements catch e statements end try`](error-handling.md#literal-literal-try-try-statements-catch-e-statements-end-try) - [`Example: while`](error-handling.md#example-ex-33665a) - [Iterative Statements](iteration.md) - [Definite Iteration](iteration.md#definite-iteration) - [`for i := expr₁ to expr₂ by expr₃ do`](iteration.md#literal-literal-for-for-i-expr1-to-expr2-by-expr3-do) - [`for i := expr₁ to expr₂ do`](iteration.md#literal-literal-for-for-i-expr1-to-expr2-do) - [`for`](iteration.md#literal-literal-for-for-x-in-s-do-br-indent-statements-br-end-for) - [Indefinite Iteration](iteration.md#indefinite-iteration) - [`while`](iteration.md#literal-literal-while-while-boolean-expression-do-br-indent-statements-br-end-while) - [`Example: while`](iteration.md#example-ex-9a6f96) - [`repeat`](iteration.md#literal-literal-repeat-repeat-br-indent-statements-br-until-boolean-expression) - [`Example: repeat`](iteration.md#example-ex-bdac72) - [`for random`](iteration.md#literal-literal-for-random-for-random-x-in-s-do-br-indent-statements-br-end-for) - [Dual Iteration](iteration.md#dual-iteration) - [`for`](iteration.md#literal-literal-for-for-i-x-in-s-do-br-indent-statements-br-end-for) - [`for random`](iteration.md#literal-literal-for-random-for-random-i-x-in-s-do-br-indent-statements-br-end-for) - [Early Exit from Iterative Statements](iteration.md#early-exit-from-iterative-statements) - [`continue;`](iteration.md#literal-literal-continue-continue) - [`continue identifier;`](iteration.md#literal-literal-continue-continue-identifier) - [`break;`](iteration.md#literal-literal-break-break) - [`break identifier;`](iteration.md#literal-literal-break-break-identifier) - [`Example: break`](iteration.md#example-ex-c95fc5) - [Runtime Evaluation: the eval Expression](eval-expression.md) - [`eval expression`](eval-expression.md#literal-literal-eval-eval-expression) - [`Example: eval1`](eval-expression.md#example-ex-9398c3) - [`Example: eval2`](eval-expression.md#example-ex-c351ee) - [Comments and Continuation](comment-continuation.md) - [`//`](comment-continuation.md#literal-literal) - [`/* */`](comment-continuation.md#literal-literal-2) - [`\`](comment-continuation.md#literal-literal-3) - [`Example: Various`](comment-continuation.md#example-ex-bc5419) - [Timing](timing.md) - [`Cputime() → FldReElt`](timing.md#function-cputime) - [`Cputime(t): FldReElt → FldReElt`](timing.md#function-cputime-fldreelt) - [`Realtime() → FldReElt`](timing.md#function-realtime) - [`Realtime(t): FldReElt → FldReElt`](timing.md#function-realtime-fldreelt) - [`ClockCycles() → RngIntElt`](timing.md#function-clockcycles) - [`Time() → MonStgElt`](timing.md#function-time) - [`Time(T): MonStgElt → MonStgElt`](timing.md#function-time-monstgelt) - [`time statement;`](timing.md#literal-literal-time-time-statement) - [`vtime flag: statement;`](timing.md#literal-literal-vtime-vtime-flag-statement) - [`vtime flag, n: statement:`](timing.md#literal-literal-vtime-vtime-flag-n-statement) - [`SetShowRealTime(v): BoolElt`](timing.md#function-setshowrealtime-boolelt) - [`GetShowRealTime() → BoolElt`](timing.md#function-getshowrealtime) - [`Example: Time`](timing.md#example-ex-4cec25) - [`Example: Time Multi Threaded`](timing.md#example-ex-de9abd) - [Types, Category Names, and Structures](type.md) - [`Type(x): Elt → Cat`](type.md#function-type-elt) - [`Category(x): Elt → Cat`](type.md#function-category-elt) - [`ExtendedType(x): Elt → ECat`](type.md#function-extendedtype-elt) - [`ExtendedCategory(x): Elt → ECat`](type.md#function-extendedcategory-elt) - [`ISA(T, U): Cat, Cat → BoolElt`](type.md#function-isa-cat-cat) - [`ISA(T, U): Cat, ECat → BoolElt`](type.md#function-isa-cat-ecat) - [`ISA(T, U): ECat, Cat → BoolElt`](type.md#function-isa-ecat-cat) - [`ISA(T, U): ECat, ECat → BoolElt`](type.md#function-isa-ecat-ecat) - [`BaseType(T): ECat → Cat`](type.md#function-basetype-ecat) - [`# T: ECat → RngIntElt`](type.md#operation-operation-ecat-rngintelt) - [`T[i]: ECat, RngIntElt → .`](type.md#literal-literal-t-i-ecat-rngintelt) - [`Example: Extended Type Accessors`](type.md#example-ex-1892d6) - [`MakeType(S): MonStgElt → Cat`](type.md#function-maketype-monstgelt) - [`ElementType(S): Str → Cat`](type.md#function-elementtype-str) - [`CoveringStructure(S, T): Str, Str → Str`](type.md#function-coveringstructure-str-str) - [`ExistsCoveringStructure(S, T): Str, Str → BoolElt, Str`](type.md#function-existscoveringstructure-str-str) - [`Example: Type Structures`](type.md#example-ex-55c1aa) - [Random Object Generation](random.md) - [`SetSeed(s, c): RngIntElt, RngIntElt`](random.md#function-setseed-rngintelt-rngintelt) - [`SetSeed(s): RngIntElt`](random.md#function-setseed-rngintelt) - [`GetSeed() → RngIntElt, RngIntElt`](random.md#function-getseed) - [`Random(S): Str → Elt`](random.md#function-random-str) - [`Random(a, b): RngIntElt, RngIntElt → RngIntElt`](random.md#function-random-rngintelt-rngintelt) - [`Random(b): RngIntElt → RngIntElt`](random.md#function-random-rngintelt) - [`Example: Is Intrinsic`](random.md#example-ex-a0e14a) - [Miscellaneous](misc.md) - [`IsIntrinsic(S): MonStgElt → Bool, Intrinsic`](misc.md#function-isintrinsic-monstgelt) - [`Example: Is Intrinsic`](misc.md#example-ex-c50516)