Calculating Cohomology

CohomologyGroup(CM, n): ModCoho, RngIntElt -> ModTupRng: Given a cohomology module \({\rm CM}\) for the group \(G\) acting on the module \(M\) and a non-negative integer \(n\) taking one of the values \(0\), \(1\), or \(2\), this function returns the cohomology group \(H^n(G,M)\). For modules defined over the ring of integers only, \(n\) may also be equal to 3. (In this case, \(H^3(G,M)\) is computed as \(H^2(G, M \otimes_Z Q/Z)\).) If the group used to define \({\rm CM}\) was a finitely presented group, then \(n\) may only be equal to \(0\) or \(1\). Note that \({\rm CM}\) must be a module returned by invoking CohomologyModule.

Example: Cohomology for a Cyclic Group of Order 4 (ex-68b620)

Following on from example Cohomology Module for a Cyclic Group above:

> G:=CyclicGroup(4);
> mats := [ Matrix(Integers(),2,2,[1,2,1,3]) ];
> invar := [2,4];
> CM := CohomologyModule(G,invar,mats);
> CohomologyGroup(CM,0);
Full Quotient RSpace of degree 1 over Integer Ring
Column moduli:
[ 2 ]
> CohomologyGroup(CM,1);
Full Quotient RSpace of degree 1 over Integer Ring
Column moduli:
[ 2 ]
> CohomologyGroup(CM,2);
Full Quotient RSpace of degree 1 over Integer Ring
Column moduli:
[ 2 ]

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Example: Cohomology of an Infinite FP-Group (ex-0db52b)

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Following on from example Cohomology Module for an Infinite Group above:

> G := Group<x,y | x^2,y^3,(x*y)^7 >;
> L := LowIndexSubgroups(G, <7,7>);
> Q := CosetImage(G,L[1]);
> PM := PermutationModule(Q, Integers());
> cons := Constituents(PM);
> mats := ActionGenerators(cons[2]);
> M := GModule(G,mats);
> CM := CohomologyModule(G,M);
> CohomologyGroup(CM,0);
Full Quotient RSpace of degree 0 over Integer Ring
Column moduli:
[ ]
> CohomologyGroup(CM,1);
Full Quotient RSpace of degree 1 over Integer Ring
Column moduli:
[ 7 ]
> CohomologyGroup(CM,2);
Runtime error: Second cohomology groups are not implemented for GrpFP

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CohomologicalDimension(CM, n): ModCoho, RngIntElt -> RngIntElt

Given a cohomology module \({\rm CM}\) for the group \(G\) acting on the module \(M\) defined over a finite field \(K\) and a non-negative integer \(n\) taking one of the values \(0\), \(1\), or \(2\), this function returns the dimension of \(H^n(G,M)\) over \(K\). Note that this function may only be applied to the module returned by a call to CohomologyModule(G, M), where \(M\) is a module over a finite field \(K\). When \(n = 2\), this function is faster and may be applied to much larger examples than CohomologyGroup(CM, n) but, unlike that function, it does not enable the user to compute with explicit extensions and two-cocycles.

Note that there are some alternative functions for performing these calculations described in other manual chapters.

CohomologicalDimension(M, n): ModGrp, RngIntElt -> RngIntElt: For \(K[G]\)-module \(M\) (with \(K\) a finite field and \(G\) a finite group), compute and return the \(K\)-dimension of the cohomology group \(H^n(G,M)\) for \(n \ge 0\). For \(n=0\) and 1, this is carried out by using the function CohomologicalDimension(CM,n) just described. For \(n \ge 2\), it is done recursively using projective covers and dimension shifting to reduce to the case \(n=1\). See Section Projective Indecomposable Modules in Chapter Modules over an Algebra and Group Representations for further details and examples.

CohomologicalDimensions(M, n): ModGrp, RngIntElt -> RngIntElt: For \(K[G]\)-module \(M\) (with \(K\) a finite field and \(G\) a finite group), compute and return the sequence of \(K\)-dimensions of the cohomology groups \(H^k(G,M)\) for \(1 \le k \le n\). On account of the recursive method used, this is quicker than computing them all individually.

CohomologicalDimension(G, M, n): GrpPerm, ModRng, RngIntElt -> RngIntElt: Given the permutation group \(G\), the \(K[G]\)-module \(M\), and an integer \(n\) (equal to 1 or 2), return the dimension of the \(n\)-th cohomology group of \(G\) acting on \(M\). Note that \(K\) must be a finite field of prime order. This function invokes Derek Holt’s original C cohomology code (see [Hol85b]). In some cases it will be faster than the function that uses the cohomology module data structure.

H1Dimension(F, f, M): GrpFP, Map, ModGrp -> RngIntElt: This function returns the dimension of the first cohomology group of the \(F\)-module \(M_F\), where \(F\) is a finitely presented group, \(f\) is an epimorphism from \(F\) onto a finite group \(G\) and \(M\) is a \(G\)-module that has been lifted to \(M_F\). Again, this function is generally much faster, since it uses sparse matrices.

H1Dimension(G, f, K): GrpFP, Map, Rng -> RngIntElt: This function is equivalent to CohomologicalDimension(G, M, 1) where M := PermutationModule(P, K) and \(P\) is defined by the images of generators of G under the map \(f\), but is generally much faster, since it uses sparse matrices and avoids the explicit construction of the permutation module.

H1DimensionSymmetricSquare(G, f, K): GrpFP, Map, Rng -> RngIntElt
H1DimensionExteriorSquare(G, f, K): GrpFP, Map, Rng -> RngIntElt: These functions are equivalent to CohomologicalDimension(G, M, 1) where \(M\) is the symmetric square or exterior square, respectively, of PermutationModule(P, R), and \(P\) is defined by the images of generators of G under the map \(f\). But the functions are generally much faster, since they use sparse matrices and avoid the explicit construction of the modules.

Example: Cohomology of A8 (ex-096719)

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We examine the first and second cohomology groups of the group \(A_8\).

> G := Alt(8);
> M := PermutationModule(G, GF(3));

We first calculate the dimensions of \(H^1(G,M)\) and \(H^2(G,M)\) using the old functions.

> time CohomologicalDimension(G, M, 1);
0
Time: 0.020
> time CohomologicalDimension(G, M, 2);
1
Time: 0.020

We now recalculate the dimensions of \(H^1(G,M)\) and \(H^2(G,M)\) using the new functions.

> X := CohomologyModule(G, M);
> time CohomologicalDimension(X, 1);
0
Time: 0.020
> time CohomologicalDimension(X, 2);
1
Time: 0.920
> X := CohomologyModule(G, M);
> time C:=CohomologyGroup(X, 2);
Time: 4.070
> C;
Full Vector space of degree 1 over GF(3)

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Example: Cohomology of ASL(3, 5) (ex-46f77b)

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We do a similar comparison with Example Cohomology Module for ASL(3, 5) above.

> G := ASL(3,5);
> N := pCore(G,5);
> M := GModule(G,N);
> CM := CohomologyModule(G,M);
> time [CohomologyGroup(CM,i) : i in [0..2]];
[
    Full Vector space of degree 0 over GF(5),

    Full Vector space of degree 1 over GF(5),

    Full Vector space of degree 1 over GF(5)
]
Time: 46.940
> CM := CohomologyModule(G,M);
> time [CohomologicalDimension(CM,i) : i in [0..2]];
[ 0, 1, 1 ]
Time: 0.320

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Example: Cohomology Where the Old Method Fails (ex-023d07)

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In the case of \(\Omega^-(8,3)\) acting on its natural module, the new function succeeds, but the old function does not.

> G := OmegaMinus(8, 3);
> M := GModule(G);
> X := CohomologyModule(G, M);
> time CohomologicalDimension(X, 2);
2
Time: 290.280
> phi, P := PermutationRepresentation(G);
> MM := GModule(P, [ActionGenerator(M, i): i in [1..Ngens(G)]] );
> time CohomologicalDimension(P, MM, 2);

Out of space.

>> time CohomologicalDimension(P, MM, 2);
                              ^
Runtime error in 'CohomologicalDimension': Cohomology failed

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Calculating Cohomology#

Calculating Cohomology